TYPES OF CARTILAGES AND STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE

TYPES OF CARTILAGES :
There are three types of cartilages ; 1) Hyaline Cartilage 2) Elastic cartilage 3) Fibrous cartilage
1) Hyaline Cartilage :
i.It is bluish-white in colour
ii.It is transluscent
iii.Collagen fibre are present
iv.Perichondrium is present except in articular cartilage , epiphysial plates ans costal cartilages
v.This is weakest cartilage
Eg; Articilar cartilages , Costal cartilages ,walls of nose etc
2) Elastic cartilage:
i. Matrix has more elastic fibres than collagen fibres
ii. It is yellowish in colour
iii. Perichondrium is present
Eg; Ear pinna , Eustachian tube and Epiglottis
3) Fibrous cartilage:
i. Its matrix contains dense network of collagen fibres
ii. Perichondrium is absent
iii. Strongest cartilage
Eg; Intervertibral discs , Pubicsymphysis
DETAILED ACCOUNT OF COMPACT BONE :
1. It has dense matrix
2. Diaphysis of long bones is compact bone
3. It is lined by edosteum on the internal surface and lined by periosteum on external surface
4. In the matrix co9llagen fibres are arranged in lamellae
5. Haversian systems are present between outer and inner circumferential lamellae
HAVESIAN SYSTEM:-
6. Each havrsian system consists of haversian canal
7. Haversian canal is surrounded by concentric lamellae
8. Lacunae containing osteocytes found between lamellae
9. Each lacuna encloses ine osteocyte
10. Volkman’s canal connects the two adjacent haversian canals
11. Blood vessels , lymph vessels and nerves enter into havesian canals
12. havesian system is also called “Osteon”
CHEMICAL COMPOSTION :
• Organic Composition - 35%
• Inorganic composition - 65%
• The major organic substance is collagen
• The major mineral is calcium phosphate
• Calcium phosphate is present in the form of hydroxyl apatite crystals - Ca10 (PO4)(OH)2

ANIMAL ORGANIZATION-EAMCET

INTRODUCTION
LEVEL - I
1.The simplest animal like organisms that exhibit protoplasmic grade of organization are the
1) unicellular protozoans
2) multi cellular parazoans
3) multi cellular eumetazoans
4) All eukaryotic organisms
2.Division of labour at a single cell level is seen in
1) Sponges 2) cnidarians
3) protozoans 4) chordates
3.The lowest level of organization in metazoans is
1) protoplasmic grade of organization
2) cellular grade of organization
3) tissue grade of organization
4) organ system grade of organization
4.Cellular grade of organization is seen in
1) sponges 2) protozoans
3) cnidarians 4) flatworms
5.Division of labour is seen among the cells in
1) protozoans 2) sponges
3) cnidarians 4) arthropods
6.Cells absent in sponges are
1) choanocytes, thesocytes, porocytes
2) nerve cells, sensory cells
3) pinacocytes, choanocytes
4) myocytes, sclerocytes
7.Multicellular animals without true tissues are
1) sponges 2) cnidarians
3) arthropods 4) annelids
8.Cells demonstrate division of labour but notstrongly associated to perform a specific
collective function in
1) cellular grade of organization
2) subcellular grade of organization
3) tissue grade of organization
4) organ system grade of organization
9.Cells are aggregated into tissues but not assembled into organs in
1) Subcellular grade of organization
2) Diploblastic organization
3) Triploblastic organization
4) Cellular grade of organization
10.Highly specialized sensory cells and nerve cells which bring about higher level of coordination and integration is seen in
1) cellular grade of organization
2) tissue grade of organization
3) diploblastic grade of organization
4) triploblastic grade of organization
11.The first key transition in the animal body plan is the
1) evolution of bilateral symmetry
2) cephalization
3) development of coelom
4) evolution of tissues
12.The second key transition in the animal body plan is the
1) evolution of biradial symmetry
2) evolution of bilateral symmetry
3) development of coelom
4) evolution of spherical symmetry
13.Functional isolation of cells is seen in
1) subcellular level of organization
2) cellular level of organization
3) tissue level of organization
4) organs system level of organization
14.Diploblastic animals show
1) cellular grade of organization
2) protoplasmic grade of organization
3) tissue grade of organization
4) organ system grade of organization
15.Nerve cells and sensory cells first time formed in
1) Cellular grade of organization
2) Subcellular grade of organization
3) Diploblastic organization
4) Triploblastic organization
16.Animals exhibiting tissue grade of organization do not have
1) nerve cells 2) mesoglea
3) mesoderm 4) mesenteries
17.Mesoderm is formed in
1) Tissue grade of organization
2) Cellular grade of organization
3) Organ - system grade of organization
4) Sub cellular grade of organization
18.Evolution of this germlayer resulted in the structural complexity in organization
1) ectoderm 2) endoderm
3) mesoderm 4) gastrodermis
19.Acellular organisms have
1) protoplasmic grade of organization
2) cellular grade of organization
3) tissue grade of organization
4) organ system grade of organization
20).This layer is not present in all multicellular animals
1) Ectoderm 2) Mesoderm
3) Endoderm 4) Both 1 and 3
21).Sponges lack
1) Nerve cells 2) Sensory cells
3) Mesoderm 4) All the above
22)Which one of the following is very closely related to triploblastic animals?
1) They have three layers in the body wall
2) They have three primary germ layers
3) They have nerve cells and sensory cells
4) They show radial symmetry

LEVEL - II
NOTE: Follow the options for Statement(S) and Reason(R) Type questions
1) Both S and R are correct R is the correct
explanation of S
2) Both S and R are correct but R is not
correct explanation of S
3) S is correct, but R is not correct
4) Both S and R are not correct
23).(S): In the cellular level of organization, the cells are functionally isolated
(R): Nerve cells and sensory cells are absent
24).(S): Cnidarians are called diploblastic animals
(R): They exhibit radial symmetry mainly.
25).(S):Triploblastic animals lead a more efficient way of life
(R):They have highly specialized sensory cells and nerve cells bringing higher level of coordination of different organs and organ systems
26).Only cellular level of organization is found in
1) Cnidarians 2) Sponges
3) Flatworms 4) Protozoans
27).The type of cells that appeared first time in diploblastic animals are
1).Choanocytes 2).Nerve cells
3). Gametes 4). Totipotent cells
28.Homaxial apolar symmetry is
1) Spherical symmetry
2) Radial symmetry
3) Biradial symmetry
4) Pentaradial symmetry
29.These forms are best suited for floating and
rolling
1) Spherical symmetrical
2) Radial symmetrical
3) Biradial symmetrical
4)Bilateral symmetrical
30.This type of symmetry is rare
1) Homoxial apolar symmetry
2) Monaxial heteropolar symmetry
3) Biradial symmetry
4) Bilateral symmetry
31.Following are statements regarding spherical symmetrical animals
1)They are spherical in shape
2)Organisms exhibiting spherical symmetry are rare
3) Generally they are terrestrial
4)They have only dorsal and ventral surface
Which of the above correct
1) 1 & 2 2) 2 & 3
3) 1 & 3 4) 1, 2 and 3
32.The type of symmetry in which body parts are arranged in a radiating fashion and they are ball like in form
1) Spherical symmetry
2) Radial symmetry
3) Asymmetry
4) Biradial symmetry
33.The symmetry that lacks anterior and posterior sides and has no polarity at all is called
1) Symmetrogenic 2) Spherical
3) Radial 4) Biradial
34.Statement (S) :In Heliozoans, symmetry is spherical and their pseudopodia are mainly used for food collection
Reason (R) : Heliozoans are planktonic animals
RADIAL SYMMETRY
LEVEL - I
35. In this type of symmetry the animals acquired oral & aboral ends first
1) Spherical 2) Radial
3) Biradial 4) Bilateral
36. Which of the following exhibit two different types of symmetries in their life cycles
1) Starfishes
2) Heliozoans & radiolarians
3) Earthworms & insects
4) All invertebrates
37Symmetry advantage to sessile organisms is
1) spherical symmetry 2) asymmetry
3) radial symmetry 4) bilateral symmetry
38.Sensory and feeding structures are uniformly distributed around the mouth is seen in
1) Spherically symmetrical animals
2) Radially symmetrical animals
3) Bilaterally symmetrical animals
4) Asymmetrical animals
39.Monaxial heteropolar symmetry
1) Spherical symmetry 2) Radial symmetry
3) Biradial symmetry 4) Bilateral symmetry
40.Animals which show primary radial symmetry, secondary radial symmetry respectively are
1) jelly fishes and ctenophores
2) sea anemones and ctenophores
3) cnidarians and echinoderms
4) gastropods and echinoderms
41.In ctenophores most of thebody parts are radially arranged but paired parts are the
1) tentacles 2) siphonoglyphs
3) statocysts 4) oral arms
42.The animals in which the principal axis of symmetry changes from the median sagittal plane to oral - aboral axis during their development is
1) Jelly fishes 2) Ctenophores
3) Echinoderms 4) Heliozonas
43.In cnidarians and ctenophores the oroaboral axis is
1) apolar 2) heteropolar
3) bipolar 4) multipolar
44.Biradial symmetry of Sea anemones has been derived from
1) Radial symmetry
2) Pentamerous radial symmetry
3) Bilateral symmetry
4) Spherical symmetry
45.Sea anemones with one siphonoglyph exhibit
1) Bilateral symmetry 2) Radial symmetry
3) Spherical symmetry 4) Biradial symmetry
46.Which of the symmetry is an advatage to sessile or slow moving or planktonic organisms
1) Spherical symmetry
2) Radial symmetry
3) Bilateral symmetry
4) Biradial symmetry
47.The principal axis is oral aboral axis in
1) Monaxial heteropolar symmetry
2) Homaxial apolar symmetry
3) Biradial symmetry
4) Bilateral symmetry
48.Homaxial Apolar symmetry is seen in
1) Hydrozoans 2) Heliozoans
3) Ctenophores 4) Schyphozoans
49.Monaxial Heteropolar symmetry is found in
1) Some sponges and most of cnidarians
1) Most of sponges and few cnidarians
3) All sponges and cnidarians
4) All sponges but no cnidarians
50.Pentamarous radial symmetry is seen in
1)Adult echinodermates.
2) Larval echinodermates.
3) Ctenophores 4) Coelenterats
51.Five planes of symmetry can be seen in
1) Echinodermate larvae
2) Adult echinoderms
3) Sea anemones 4) Adult gastropods
52.Animals which show primary radial symmetry, secondary radial symmetry respectively are
1) Jelly fishes and ctenophores
2) Sea anemones and ctenophores
3) Cnidarians and echinoderms
4) Gastropods and echinoderms
53.Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, adults are pentamerous radially symmetrical in
1) Anthozoans 2) Ctenophores
3) Jelly fishes 4) Echinoderms
54.In which of the following Asymmetary is seen
1) Echinodermate larvae
2) Adult echinoderms
3) Sea anemones 4) Adult gastropods

LEVEL- II
55.(S): Hydra shows radial symmetry.
(R): Hydra can be cut into identical halves along any plane passing through the centre
1)Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation for A
2) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
3) A is true but R is false
4) A is false and R also false
56.Read the following and select the correct statement
I) Radially symmetrical animal can be cut into two antimeres along any plane passing through oro-aboral axis
II) The body of radially symmetrical animal may be elongated or umberlla shaped
III) One end of radially symmetrical body is oral and the other is aboral
1) I and III 2) II and III
3) I and II 4) I, II and III


Biradial symmetry
LEVEL - I
57.The plane passing at right angle to the
sagittal axis is called
1) Longitudinal 2) Transverse
3) Frontal 4) Dorso-ventral
58.Sea anemones with two siphonoglyphs exhibit
1) Bilateral symmetry 2) Radial symmetry
2) Spherical symmetry 4) Biradial symmetry
59.The long axis and the short axis of the mouths of sea anemones are
1) heteropolar 2) bipolar
3) apolar 4) multipolar
60.Biradial symmetry is seen in
1) Scyphozoans 2) Heliozoans
3) Ctenophores 4) Annelids
61.Two planes of symmetry can be seen in
1) Hydrozoans, and scyphozoans
2) Heliozoans and radiolarians
3) Ctenophores and Anthozoans
4) All cnidarians
62.In most of anthozoans the principal axis is
1) oro - aboral axis 2) median sagittal axis
3) transverse axis 4) antero posterior axis
63.Read the following:
i) Transverse plane of biradially symmetrical animals is short axis.
ii) A sea anemone can be cut into equal halves passing through frontal and transverse planes.
iii) Biradially symmetrical animals are intermediate between radial and bilateral groups choose the wrong option(s)
1) i only 2) i & iii
3) ii only 4) ii & iii
LEVEL - II
64.Statement (A) : Antimeres on either side of the plane are different from
antimeres on either side of the other plane in biradial symmetry
Reason (R ) : Body parts in the animals with biradial symmetry are arranged not only radially but also in pairs
1)Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation for A
2) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
3) A is true but R is false
4) A is false and R also false
65.It is considered that due to the elongation of mouth along with associated structures radial symmetry has given rise to
1) Bilateral symmetry
2) Biradial symmetry
3) Trimerous radial symmetry
4) Pentamerous radial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry
LEVEL - I
66.The symmetry with anterior, posterior
and dorsal and ventral sides is
1) Biradial 2) Bilateral
3) Radial 4) Spherical
67.Triploblastic phylum which does not show bilateral symmetry in adult stages is
1) Mollusca 2) Arthropoda
3) Cnidaria 4) Echinodermata
68.Which of the following animals move primarily in one direction
1) Spherical symmetrical animals
2) Radial symmetrical animals
3) Bilateral symmetrical animals
4) Biradial symmetrical animals
69.Cephalization is associated with
1) biradial symmetry 2) bilateral symmetry
3) pentamerous radial symmetry
4) radial symmetry
70.The symmetry in fish is
1) Spherical 2) Radial
3) Bilateral 4) Biradial
71.The plane passing from the middorsal line to midventral line through the principal axis is
1).Sagittal axis 2).Frontal plane 3).Transverse 4).Longitudinal
72.In bilaterally symmetrical animals the principal axis, sagittal axis and the transverse axis respectively are
1) heteropolar, heteropolar and apolar
2) heteropolar , apolar and heteropolar
3) apolar , heteropolar and apolar
4) heteropolar, apolar and apolar
73 Which of the following are secondarily asymmetrical
1) All sponges 2) Amoeba
3) Gastropods 4) Echinoderms
74.Which one of the following is the major advancement in animal evolution
1) Appearance of bilateral symmetry
2) Formation of coelom
3) Developemt of mouth
4) Development of brain
75.Protozoan which exhibits bilateral symmetry is
1) Amoeba 2) Actinophrys
3) Acanthometra 4) Giardia
76.Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, adults are pentamerous radially symmetrical in
1) Anthozoans 2) Ctenophores
3)Jelly fishes 4)Echinoderms
77.The plane that divides bilaterally symmetricalanimal into right and left halves is
1) transverse plane 2) sagittal plane
3) frontal plane 4) oblique plane
78.Bilateral symmetry is found in : [ 2004 ]
1) Clathrina 2) Leucosolenia 3) Ophiopleuteus 4) Schypha
79.In understanding different types of symmetry, the term used as principal axis means[ 2007]
(1) An imaginary straight line joining two opposite points at the ends.
(2) An imaginary straight line joining the mid pointat one end and the mid point at the opposite end
(3)A flat area that runs through any axis.
(4)An animal having its body parts arranged in such a manner to exhibit symmetry.
80.Which among the following are bisected into two equal halves passing through the median sagittal plane of earthworm
1) Mouth, male and female genital openings
2) Spermathecal openings, female genital opening and dorsal pores
3) Mouth, female genital opening and dorsal pores
4) Nephridiopores, male and female genital openings
81.Except in Gastropods and Echinoderms,bilateral symmetry is essentially exhibited by
1) Diploblastic animals 2) Triploblastic animals
3) Stalked animals 4) Chordates
82.The symmetry in which definite dorsal, ventral and lateral sides have developed is
1) Bilateral 2) Biradial
3) Pentaradial 4) All the three
83.Bilateral symmetry of an animal is exhibited from the stage of
1) Oocyte 2) Ovum
3) Zygote 4) Gastrula
84.The grade that includes all the bilaterally symmetrical phyla is
1) Diploblastica 2) Schizocoelomata
3) Triploblastica 4) None of these
85.Body differentiation into head, concentration of nervous tissue into brain are the consequences of the symmetry called
1) Biradial 2) Bilateral
3) Radial 4) All the three
86. Rapid locomotory movements are a capability of the group
1) Bilateria 2) Protista
3) Schizocoelomata 4) Radiata
87. Perfect symmetry is found in the group
1) Spherical 2) Radial
3) Bilateral 4) None

SYMMETRY
LEVEL - II
NOTE: Follow the options for Statement(S) and Reason(R) Type questions
1) Both S and R are correct R is the correct
explanation of S
2) Both S and R are correct but R is not
correct explanation of S
3) S is correct, but R is not correct
4) Both S and R are not correct

88.Statement(S):Asymmetrical snails are included under grade bilateria
Reason(R): Symmetry of an animal is determined by the symmetry of its embryonic stage, irrespective of its symmetry in the adult stages.
89.Statement (S): A free -moving bilaterally symmetrical metazoan has the advantages of the surrounding becoming aware of conditions in the surroundings during its locomotion.Reason(
R): These animals exhibit diploblastic condition
90). (S): No animal exhibits perfect symmetry.
(R): All animals are asymmetrical in their adult stages.
91). (S): Generally, spherically symmetrical animals are planktonic in habit .
(R): They are spherical in shape and are drifted by water currents easily.
92). (S): Hydra shows radial symmetry.
(R): Hydra can be cut into identical halves along any plane passing through the centre
93). (S): In radiata, all organs are arranged around the oro-aboral axis.
(R): These animals cannot be cut into two antimeres only in longitudinal plane.
94). (S): Triploblastic animals exhibit both biradial and bilateral symmetry
(R): Biradially symmetrical animals developed the third germ layer, mesoderm
95) (S): Sea anemones exhibit biradial symmetry.
(R): They can be cut into two antimeres along oro-aboral axis
96). (S): Adult echinoderms exhibit pentaradial symmetry.
(R): Bilaterally symmetrical, free swimming larval forms secondarily develop into pentaradial, adults.
97). (S):Bilaterally symmetrical animals are far more successful than animals having other types of symmetry.
(R): Bilaterally symmetrical animals are triploblastic .
98). (S):Bilaterally symmetrical animals can be cut into two antimeres in only median sagittal plane.
(R): All organs are arranged in pairs, equidistantly on either side of median sagittal plane.
99). S : Radially symmetrical animals can interact with their environment equally in all directions
R : In radially symmetrical animals the sensory and feeding structures are uniformly distributed around the bodies
100) S : Bilaterally symmetrical animals move from place to place more efficiently and more efficient in seeking food
R : Most of the bilaterally symmetrial animals exhibit cephalization

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V.V.V.IMPORTANT VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS FOR QUARTERLY

1.What is tautonymy? Give one example
A:The practice of naming the animals,in which the generic and the specific names are same. Eg:- Naja naja
2.Define the term species
A:Species is an interbreeding group of similar individuals producing fertile offspring,sharing a common genepool.
3.What is hyperparasite?
A:A parasite that lives on another parasite Eg: Nosema notabilis lives as parasite on Sphaerophora which is a parasite on toadfish
4.Define incubationperiod
A:The time interval between the entry of sporozoites into the body and the onset of malarial fever is called incubation period
5.What is meant by ovoviviparity?
A:The the process of production of eggs in which the eggs are hatched within the body of female without obtaining food from it.
6.What is meant by nocturnalperiodicity?
A:In human being the microfilaria larvae move to the peripheral blood vessels from deeper bloodvessels during nights between 10 pm and 4 am.This is called nocturnal periodicity
7.Define kinety
A:A longitudinal row of Kinetosomes ,kinetodesmos and kinetodesmata are together called kinety
8.Distinguish between synchronous and metachronous rhythms in Paramecium
A:Synchronous rhythm :- Simultaneous beating of transverse row of cilia
Metachronous rhythm:- Beating of longitudinal cilia one after another
9.What is plasmotomy?
A:It is a division of multinucleate protozoan into multinucleate daughter individuals by cytoplasmic division but without nuclear division.
10.Which symmetry is known as homaxial apolarsymmetry?Give one example
A:Spherical symmetry is known as homaxial apolarsymmetry Eg:-Heliozoans
11.Which symmetry is known as monoaxial heteropolarsymmetry?Give one example
A:Radial symmetry is called monoaxial heteropolarsymmetry Eg:-Hydra12.What is pseudocoelomate condition?Name the major pseudocoelomate phylum
A:The coelom which is neither formed in the mesoderm nor is lined by mesodermal peritonium Eg:-Phylum Nematoda
13.What is transitional epithelium? What is its significance?
A:The epithelium which is specialized to withstand a greater degree of stretch. The transitional epithelium of undistended unrinary bladder has about 4 or 5 layers ,when the bladder is full it appears to be with 2 or 3 layers thick

LONGITUDINAL BINARYFISSION IN EUGLENA

*Binaryfission :- The division of parent individual into two daughter individuals is called binary fission
Longitudinal Binaryfission In Euglena :
*It occurs in favourable conditions
*First karyokinesis takes place
*During karyokinesis nucleus is divided by mitosis
*Cytokinesis follows karyokinesis
*During cytokinesis a longitudinal furrow is formed
*The longitudinal furrow extends to posterior end to divide the euglena into two daughter individuals
*Longitudinal binaryfission in euglena is also called symmetrogenis binaryfission
*Kinety :- kineto some ,kinetodesmos and kinetodesmata are collectively called kinety
*Proter :- The young individual that is formed from anterior region of paramecium is called proter
*Opisth :- The young individual that is formed from posterior region of paramecium is called opisth
*Clone :- A group of youn individuals that are formed by repeated binaryfisions from a paramecium is called clone

AMOEBOID LOCOMOTION – SOL-GEL THEORY

*It is also called change of viscosity theory
*It was advocated by Hyman
*It was confirned by Pantin and Mast
*Amoeba attaches to the substratum
*Ectoplasm is formed as hyaline cap at advancing end
*A point of weaknes is formed behind hyaline cap at advancing end
*Plasmasol flows in to advancing end
*Plasma sol is converted in to plasmagel at advancing end by losing water , this zone is called zone of gelation
*Plasmagel gel flows back to uroid end
*Plasma gel is converted into plasma sol by gaining water at uroid end , this zone is called zone of solation
*The rate of gelation and solation is same
*As plasma sol flows towards advancing end the pesupodium extends further
*Amoeba moves on the direction of pseudopodium